Foot Self-Care in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Effectiveness on Ankle-Brachial Index and Foot Sensitivity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29082/IJNMS/2026/Vol10/Iss2/837Keywords:
Ankle Brachial Index, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Neuropath, Foot Self-Care, Foot SensitivityAbstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with peripheral vascular disorders and diabetic neuropathy that may increase the risk of diabetic foot complications. Foot Self Care for Life is a comprehensive self-care intervention consisting of foot washing, drying, foot inspection, moisturizer application, nail care, and diabetic foot exercise. These interventions may improve peripheral circulation and sensory function. Determine the effectiveness of Foot Self Care for Life on Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) values and foot sensitivity among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Study employed a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The study was conducted at RSUD Prof. dr. Soekandar from April 27 to May 23, 2026. A total of 40 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were selected using accidental sampling. The intervention was administered for four weeks, seven times per week, with a duration of 45 minutes per session. ABI was measured using sphygmomanometer assessment, while foot sensitivity was assessed using a monofilament examination. Data was analyzed using Paired Sample t-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. A significant increase in ABI values in the left foot (t=-7.530; p<0.001) and right foot (t=-8.651; p<0.001). Foot sensitivity also improved significantly in the left foot (Z=-5.657; p<0.001) and right foot (Z=-5.382; p<0.001). Foot Self Care for Life effectively improves peripheral circulation and foot sensitivity among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This intervention may be recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy to prevent diabetic foot complications. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Bina Sehat PPNI University Ethical Clearance Number: 175/KEP/UBS-PPNI/IV/2026.
Downloads
References
American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of care in diabetes 2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl. 1), S1-S350. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-SINT
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2021). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00149
Bonger, Z., Mamo, A., Tadesse, S., & Gebremeskel, F. (2024). Diabetic foot self-care practice and associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 24(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-024-01567-4
Bus, S. A., Lavery, L. A., Monteiro-Soares, M., Rasmussen, A., Raspovic, A., Sacco, I. C. N., & van Netten, J. J. (2023). Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Guidelines 2023. IWGDF.
Duncan, B. B., Magliano, D. J., & Boyko, E. J. (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th edition 2025: Global prevalence and projections for 2050. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 41(1), 7-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaf177
Fuentes-Peñaranda, Y., González-Sánchez, J. A., & Colleagues. (2025). Global trends in diabetic foot research (2004-2023): A bibliometric analysis. Healthcare, 13(8), 1021.
Haile, K. E., Ayele, A. D., & Colleagues. (2025). Exploring the prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare, 6, 1563984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1563984
Heriyanto, H., Nurhidayat, S., & Kusumaningrum, A. (2024). The effects of Buerger Allen exercise therapy and diabetic foot exercises combination on ankle brachial index of diabetic patients. Fundamental and Health Journal, 5(2), 87-95.
Heriyanto, H., Nurhidayat, S., & Kusumaningrum, A. (2024). The effects of Buerger Allen exercise therapy and diabetic foot exercises combination on ankle brachial index of diabetic patients. Fundamental and Health Journal, 5(2), 87-95.
International Diabetes Federation. (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas (11th ed.). International Diabetes Federation. https://diabetesatlas.org
Kim, T. K. (2022). Understanding one-way repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 75(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.21394
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2021). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 24(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C. L., & Parsons, M. A. (2022). Health promotion in nursing practice (9th ed.). Pearson Education.
Pratiwi, W. N., Nurhidayah, I., & Colleagues. (2025). Foot exercise therapy to alleviate peripheral neuropathy among older adults with diabetes mellitus. Adi Husada Nursing Journal, 11(1), 45-53.
Pratiwi, W. N., Nurhidayah, I., & Fitriani, A. (2025). Foot exercise therapy to alleviate peripheral neuropathy among older adults with diabetes mellitus. Adi Husada Nursing Journal, 11(1), 45-53.
Susantiani, N. M., Martini, N. M. D. A., Triana, K. Y., & Udaksana, I. M. A. W. (2025). Pengaruh foot massage terhadap nilai ankle brachial index pada pasien DM tipe 2. ASSYIFA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 3(2), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.62085/ajk.v3i2.156
Susantiani, N. M., Martini, N. M. D. A., Triana, K. Y., & Udaksana, I. M. A. W. (2025). Pengaruh foot massage terhadap nilai ankle brachial index pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. ASSYIFA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 3(2), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.62085/ajk.v3i2.156
Taherdoost, H. (2022). What are different research approaches? Comprehensive review of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method research, their applications, types, and limitations. Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research, 5(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.30564/jmser.v5i1.4538
Wang, R., Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Chen, J. (2024). Self-care behavior and prevention of diabetic foot complications among patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 11(2), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2024.01.008
World Health Organization. (2023). Global report on diabetes and diabetes-related complications. World Health Organization.
Younas, A. (2023). Self-care deficit nursing theory: Application in chronic disease management and nursing practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 36(3), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/08943184231123456
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Emyk Windartik, Dini Aprilia Putri, Vina Dwi Agustina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with IJNMS agree to the following terms
- Authors retain copyright licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work non-commercially with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). Authors can archive pre-print and post-print or publisher's version/PDF.
How to Cite
_IJNMS.png)
